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Aims: Alzheimer disease and epilepsy are two of the central nervous system (CNS) disorders that not only affect the quality of life of patients but also of family members and caretakers. Remedies for these illnesses are available in allopathic medicines but not without side effects. Herbal products are being investigated for these ailments. Protective role of Foeniculum vulgareMill. was assessed in this study. Study Design:Laboratory based randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Conducted inPharmacology Department of University of Karachi, between March 2018 and April 2018 Methodology:Mice and rats were divided in three groups, control, 2% and 4% F. vulgaregroups, each containing 10 rodents. Control group was fed standard rodent diet, whereas, study groups were given 2% and 4% F. vulgareseeds (crushed) incorporated in standard rodent diet. Epilepsy model was made for mice and Alzheimer disease study was done using rats and passive avoidance test.Results:Lower incidence of seizures and mortality in both study groups as compared to control in epilepsy model and memory retaining effect in both treated groups in Alzheimer disease model was recorded with statistical significance. Conclusion:Clinical studies should be conducted to validate the protective role of this herb in these disorders
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Aims:Coagulation profile shows the clotting ability of blood. Biochemical tests indicate health status of vital organs such as liver, heart and kidneys. Herbal products are being assessed for their role in affecting these parameters. We evaluated role of Foeniculumvulgareincorporated diet on coagulation profile and some important biochemical parameters.Study Design:Laboratory centred randomized controlled trial.Place and Duration of Study: Pharmacology Department of University of Karachi, Karachi between June 2018 and September 2018 Methodology: After selecting 30 healthy rabbits of either sex, we placed them in three groups; Control, 2% Foeniculumvulgareand 4% Foeniculumvulgaregroup. Control group was given standard diet whereas; 2% and 4% Foeniculumvulgaregroups were maintained on standard diet containing 2% and 4% Foeniculumvulgarecrushed seeds. Coagulation profile and some biochemical parameters were done after interval of a month, for two months.Results:Platelet count and fibrinogen increased while activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) levels decreased in both the study groups animals as compared to control, while blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) elevation was noted both Foeniculumvulgaregroups but within normal range.Conclusion:Foeniculumvulgaremay have some role in affecting coagulation and biochemical profile These parameters, however, need clinical trial to validate reliability
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Objective: To evaluate the association of hypomagnesemia with hyperglycemia and its renal complication in outpatients
Study Design: Case control study
Place and Duration of Study: Department of chemical pathology and endocrinology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, from October 2014 to July 2015
Material and Methods: Adults of either gender aged 20 years and above comprising 63 subjects with hyperglycemia and 63 controls with normoglycemia were consecutively inducted in the study. Patients with malabsorption, thyroid dysfunction or adrenal dysfunction, renal impairment, taking mineral supplement, pregnancy, lactation and any acute illness were excluded from the study. Fasting plasma glucose [FPG] and serum magnesium [Mg] level were measured on ADVIA 1800 siemens clinical chemistry auto-analyzer with hexokinase and xylidyl blue methods, respectively. Urine albumin was analyzed by Immunoturbidimetric method and urine creatinine was measured by the Jaffé kinetic assay on same analyzer. Albumin/creatinine ratio [ACR] was calculated. Pearson correlation coefficient "r" was calculated for serum Mg with FPG and ACR. Mean serum Mg levels in hyperglycemic and normoglycemic groups were compared using in dependent sample "t" test. Frequency of hypomagnesemia [serum magnesium
Results: Serum Mg has significant inverse correlation with FPG [r=-0.543, p=0.001] and ACR [r=-0.474; p=0.001].Mean serum Mg was 0.78 mmol/l in hyperglycemics and 0.88 mmol/l in normoglycemics [p=0.001]. The frequency of hypomagnesemia in subjects with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [T2DM] was found to be 18.8% while no subject with pre-diabetes and normoglycemia had hypomagnesemia
Conclusion: Subjects with hyperglycemia had significantly lower mean serum Mg levels compared with healthy counterparts. Hypomagnesemia was also associated with poor glycemic control and diabetic nephropathy
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Polysaccharide gums because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-immunogenic properties are considered as the best choice for preparing sustained release tablets as compared to their synthetic counterpart. The cross linking of natural gums in matrix tablets increase the sustained release property of matrix tablets. Isoniazid is a first line therapy of tuberculosis, belongs to BCS I with half-life of 3-4 hours. These characteristics make isoniazid a good candidate for sustained release dosage form. Karaya gum crossed linked with trisodium tri metaphosphate was used as release rate retardant for preparing isoniazid cross-linked matrix tablet. Total 8 sustained release formulations were prepared. Both granules and tablets were evaluated under in vitro condition against different parameters. Dissolution studies were performed with all eight formulations for 12 hours using USP apparatus I. Four formulations designated as F1, F2, F3, F4 have drug and karaya gum while other four formulations F5, F6, F7, F8 have drug and crossed linked polymer in ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 respectively. Dissolution data was analyzed by using different kinetic models. Best fit model for most efficient formulation was zero order while release mechanism was super case I. Formulation 8 showed sufficiently slow release kinetics and about 83% of drug was released in 10 hours, indicating that cross-linked karaya gum proved efficient in preparing sustained release tablets
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Objective: To compare serum lipid profile in different ultrasonographic grades of non alcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD]
Study Design: Cross sectional study
Place and Duration of Study: PNS SHIFA hospital, Karachi, from Oct 2015 to Jul 2016
Material and Methods: Seventy three adults of either gender were consecutively inducted after diagnosis of non alcoholic fatty liver disease [NAFLD] on ultrasonography [USG]. These individuals were further classified into grade I, II and III of NAFLD depending on US findings. Fasting blood sample of all the subjects was analyzed for serum fasting lipid profile comprising of total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], high density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] and low density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C]. Serum non HDL cholesterol [nonHDL-C] was calculated by subtracting HDL-C from TC
Results: Among 73 subjects with NAFLD, 42.5%, 37% and 20.5% had grade I, II and III NAFLD respectively. All parameters showed significant increase in frequency of abnormal results with increasing grade of NAFLD except TG. Significant difference was found in mean TC [p=0.000], LDL-C [p=0.000], HDL-C [p=0.005] and nonHDL-C [p=0.000] between grades of NAFLD. Post hoc analysis revealed that only mean nonHDL-C was significantly different amongst all the grades of NAFLD
Conclusion: The increasing severity of NAFLD was found associated with increased frequency of dyslipidemia. Though most frequent dyslipidemia in NAFLD was low serum HDL-C followed by hypertriglyceridemia, only serum nonHDL-C was statistically different amongst all the grades of NAFLD
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Objective: To study the role of combination therapies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Methodology: This open-label, randomized 180-day clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, BMSI and Medical unit ward 6, after approval of JPMC ethical committee, in which enrolled patients were 89. Patients were divided into two groups, A and B. 44 patients of group A received methotrexate [MTX] 7.5-20 mg/ week orally and Leflunomide [LEF] 10-20 mg/ day orally as maximally tolerated. 45 patients of group B were given MTX 7.5-20 mg/ week orally and Sulfasalazine [SSZ] 500 mg to 1 gm daily orally as maximally tolerated
Result: Comparing the combination of group A with group B, group B showed highly significant improvement in mean swollen joint count [1.9+/-0.9] and morning stiffness [46.0=19.06] as compared to group A [2.9=1.71, 54.4=10.14]. The drugs of group A showed significant improvement in mean pain [2.9= 1.71], physician's global assessment [2.80+/-0.97] and patient's global assessment [1.4=0.66] as compared to group B [1.9= 1.45, 3.8+/-1.22, 2.0=0.99]. Therefore, our study revealed that patients receiving combination of MTX and LEF responded slightly better than MTX and SSZ. Both the combination treatments were well tolerated
Conclusion: Both combinations of MTX and SSZ and MTX and LEF were well tolerated but the efficacy of MTX and LEF was marginally superior to combination of MTX and SSZ
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Objective: To evaluate the anti-diarrheal effect of Methanol extract of Curcuma Longa, and to compare it with Loperamide in albino rats
Methodology: This experimental animal study was performed in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Basic Medical Sciences Institute [BMSI], Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center [JPMC], Karachi, in collaboration with BMSI Animal house, from May 2013 to December 2014. Dried rhizomes of Curcuma longa were purchased from local market of Karachi and soaked in 100% methanol, which was later evaporated to yield a semisolid extract. Seventy-two albino rats were used, which were randomly assigned into 3 groups of 24 rats. Each group was further divided into 4 subgroups. In each group, one subgroup was control, one was standard [loperamide group] and two subgroups were given 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg of methanol extract of Curcuma Longa orally. Anti-diarrheal effect was assessed by counting total number of feces after castor oil-induced diarrhea, castor oil-induced enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility test
Results: The methanol extract of Curcuma Longa showed significant anti-diarrheal activity evidenced by the reduction in defecation, decreased intestinal transit of charcoal meal and decreased enteropooling after castor oil-induced diarrhea
Conclusion: Curcuma Longa had potent anti-diarrheal affect and can replace synthetic drugs like loperamide. These effects were related to phytochemicals present in it
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Objective: To determine the serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels [25[OH]D] in adults with pre-diabetes and normoglycaemia to examine a possible association of vitamin D deficiency with pre-diabetes
Study Design: Case control study
Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, from November 2012 to July 2013
Methodology: A total of 272 adults including 136 pre-diabetics and 136 normoglycaemics of either gender aged 20 years and above were consecutively inducted. Patients with diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, rickets and osteomalacia, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease and chronic liver disease were excluded. Fasting Plasma Glucose [FPG] was estimated with hexokinase method on Modular p800 Roche chemistry analyzer while serum 25[OH]D was measured on Diasorin Liaison immunoassay analyzer using the chemiluminescent technique. Mean 25[OH]D levels in pre-diabetic and normoglycaemic groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman's correlation coefficient 'r[s]' was determined between serum 25[OH]D and FPG. Odds ratio for vitamin D deficiency was also calculated
Results: Mean serum 25[OH]D level was low in pre-diabetics [23.2 nmol/L] as compared to normoglycaemics [29 nmol/L; p=0.001]. Serum 25[OH]D level had inverse correlation with FPG [r[s] = -0.448, p=0.000]. There was also significant association of vitamin D deficiency with pre-diabetes compared with normoglycaemia [OR: 2.21, p= 0.016; 95% CI: 1.15-4.27]
Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency with pre-diabetes suggested that vitamin D may have an important role in pathogenesis of pre-diabetes
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Prediabetic State , Vitamin D Deficiency , Case-Control Studies , Blood Glucose , Luminescent MeasurementsABSTRACT
To recognise and identify the importance of Anatomy as a subject for physiotherapists/students. The cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from January to October 2011 at Riphah International University, Lahore, and comprised physiotherapists registered with Pakistan Physical Therapy Association and students pursuing undergraduate physiotherapy studies at the University. A survey proforma consisting of six questions was used for data collection which was analysed using SPSS 17. Of the 500 questionnaires distributed among physiotherapists and students, 286[57.2%] were collected back duly filled. Overall, 280[97.9%] respondents said Anatomy was important in physical therapy, 179[62.58%] said Anatomy was a difficult subject to retain knowledge of, 155[54.38%] were of the view that only Clinical Anatomy should be studied, 204[71.32%] were in favour of performing dissection, 259[90.55%] found that teaching videos were essential for the study of Anatomy, and 89[31.11%] believed Anatomy could be memorised by multiple readings. Despite being a difficult subject, Anatomy is an essential subject for medical professionals
Subject(s)
Humans , Physical Therapists , Students , Teaching , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Artificial sweeteners or intense sweeteners are sugar substitutes that are used as an alternative to table sugar. They are many times sweeter than natural sugar and as they contain no calories, they may be used to control weight and obesity. Extensive scientific research has demonstrated the safety of the six low-calorie sweeteners currently approved for use in foods in the U.S. and Europe [stevia, acesulfame-K, aspartame, neotame, saccharin and sucralose], if taken in acceptable quantities daily. There is some ongoing debate over whether artificial sweetener usage poses a health threat. This review article aims to cover the health benefits, and risks, of consuming artificial sweeteners, and discusses natural sweeteners which can be used as alternatives
Subject(s)
Stevia , Thiazines , Aspartame , Dipeptides , Saccharin , SucroseABSTRACT
Over the past 50 years, the average age of onset of menarche has significantly declined and found to be a risk factor for breast cancer
Objectives: The research objective is to assess the effect of socioeconomic status, BMI, physical activity and stress on the age of menarche of school girls of urban and peri-urban communities in Lahore
Methods: This cross-sectional study estimated the age at menarche and investigated its relationship with socioeconomic status, BMI, physical activity and stress. It was carried out in 2 schools of peri-urban and urban communities of Lahore, selected through convenience sampling. The data was collected from adolescent girls [aged 13-17 years] from grades 9 and 10 through self-constructed questionnaire. All 199 adolescent girls experiencing menstruation were enrolled in the study
Results: The estimated average age at menarche was 12.66 +/- 1.12 years collectively and 12.92il.21 and 12.37 +/- 1.59 in girls of peri-urban and urban schools respectively. Mean age of menarche was not significantly different in categories of BMI, levels of physical activity and stress but showed statistically significant difference in categories of socio-economic status
Conclusion: It was concluded that mean age of menarche is influenced by socio-economic status
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To determine the frequency of self-compliance to cervical screening guidance among the sexually active female gynecologists in tertiary care hospitals. To identify the possible barriers to effective screening in those who do not undergo cervical screening. Cross sectional study. This study was conducted in the obstetrics and Gynecology department of various tertiary care hospitals of Lahore from 1[st] Jun 2012 to 30[th] Nov 2012. Total 157 female gynecologists, serving in various positions in tertiary care hospitals of Lahore were interviewed by using a structured self reporting performa. The performa was designed to find out the number of gynecologists undergoing pap screening, and in those who fail to undergo screening the single most important barrier presumed to be preventing them from undergoing screening was also evaluated. In this study, only 3.1% of the subject population was found to be undergoing pap-screening, which reflects the national level of screening in urban areas,in sharp constrast to the studies being conducted in developed countries, with screening coverage rates of more than 80%. The prevalence of pap screening in the subject population is disappointingly low and drastic steps are needed to bring about a change in attitude of the subject population which cannot be brought about without changing the current culture of self-negligence and least prioritization for self, in the feminine part of our society
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Humans , Female , Mass Screening , Gynecology , Tertiary Care Centers , Cross-Sectional Studies , Papanicolaou Test , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
To determine the frequency of subfertility in military couples owing to military deployments and consequent physical separation of couples. Cross-sectional descriptive study. This study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at CMH Lahore from Jan 2012 to Jun 2012. Total 232 couples being investigated for subfertility were interviewed for the period of living together at a stretch since their marriage. The couples with established male factor infertility, secondary subfertility, and abdomino-pelvic surgery in female partners were excluded to rule out known pathological conditions as an underlying cause. Data was analyzed using MS excel in the form of frequencies, percentages and presented in the form of tables and figures. In our study 232 couples had subfertility. Out of these 96% of the couples could not spend their first year of marital life together due to non-availability of married accommodation. Nearly 50% of the patients looked for other forms of help including household tips, medicines and spiritual help before seeking medical treatment. In 69% of the couples burden of blame was put on the female partner by the in-laws. The tragedy of subfertility was further compounded by the fact that psychological symptoms were admitted by more than 70% females, 44% confessed being a victim of domestic violence, and 54% husbands refused to have their semen analysis done on first request by clinicians, although after counselling only 13% of the husbands still could not make their semen analysis available either due to military deployments or personal reasons. Incidence of subfertility in military couples is alarmingly high and can be largely attributed to military deployments and lifestyle
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To study the reduction in platelet count in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting having IABP placed peri operatively with and without IABP placed. Descriptive Study. Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology/National Institute of Heart Diseases [AFIC/NIHD] from Jan 2012 to Dec 2013. All cases with intra-aortic balloon pump [IABP] placed peri operatively [coronary artery bypass grafting, CABG] during this time period were examined in detail. Only those patients who had a platelet count of 150,000 or more pre operatively were included in the study. Patients taking medicines pre operatively that lead to decrease in platelet count were excluded. Platelet counts of each patient were analyzed till the third post-operative day. One hundred and fifty patients were divided into two equal groups, group A without IABP and group B with IABP. Patients without IABP [group A] pre operatively had mean platelet count of 223.57 +/- 83.02, on first post op day the mean platelet count was 171.0 +/- 59.0 which was 76.48% of preoperative level, on second post op day the mean platelet count was 168.1 +/- 59.4 which was 75.20% of preoperative level and on third post op day the mean platelet count was 167.5 +/- 60.0 which was 74.95% of pre-operative level. Patients with IABP [group B], pre operatively had mean platelet count of 205.32 +/- 50.257, on first post op day the mean platelet count of 152.71 +/- 43.77 which was 74.37% of preoperative level, on second post op day the mean platelet count was 112.11 +/- 42.571 which was 54.60% of preoperative level and on third post op day the platelet count was 90.87 +/- 41.538 which was 44.25% of preoperative level. There was significant reduction in platelet count from the pre-operative level in both the groups. Reduction in platelet count in post CABG patients is similar in both the groups i.e. in whom IABP is and those patients who are not treated with IABP
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Platelet Count , Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping , Blood Platelets/pathology , Coronary VesselsABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of stress and burnout among dental practitioners of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. It was a cross-sectional study and was conducted in six dental institutes of Rawalpindi and Islamabad from February to March 2012. A self-administered questionnaire, containing 10 item version of Perceived Stress Scale [PSS], 22 item Maslach Burnout Inventory Survey [MBI] and socio-demographic data were used to determine the prevalence of stress and burnout among dentists. Out of 150 dentists 129 completed their questionnaire with a response rate of 86%. Among them 24 [18.6%] dentists were specialists while 105 [81.4%] did not have any post-graduation qualification. Fifty dentists [38.8%] were found to be severely stressed, 53 [41.1%] were moderately stressed while 26 [20.2%] were not stressed at all. Mean PSS score reported was higher than average [17.8 + 6.2]. On MBI, 61 dentists showed moderate or high emotional exhaustion [18.6%], 56 showed moderate or high depersonalization [43.4%] and 41 showed low personal accomplishment [31.8%]. Mean scores of emotional exhaustion [17.8+11.2], depersonalization [6.1+5.9] and reduced personal accomplishment [34.2 + 9.7] were in moderate ranges. Female dentists and dentists working less than 40 hours per week had lower levels of burnout [lesser depersonalization score, p < 0.05]. Dental practitioners working in institutes of Rawalpindi and Islamabad were subjected to various levels of stress and burnout. Future research needs to focus on its underlying reasons and on stress coping strategies
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Child-Pugh classification currently remains the most important parameter to determine liver function in patients of chronic liver disease [CLD]. This study was carried out to find a relationship between abnormal Liver Function Tests [LFTs] and extent of liver damage in patients of CLD grouped as Child class A and B. To find a relationship between LFTs and severity of liver disease assessed by Child-Pugh scoring. Retrospective study. This study was conducted at the Medical Words of Services Hospital, Lahore from February 2009 to June 2009. It was a retrospective analysis of 40 patients aged 17-74 with CLD. Patients were selected from medical wards of Services Hospital Lahore. Patients were classified as Child class A and B on the basis of severity of liver function. Liver function tests including prothrombin time[PT], serum bilirubin, enzymes like Alkaline Phosphatase [ALP], Aspartate Transaminase [AST], Alanine Transaminase [ALT], serum Proteins and Albumin concentrations were performed by standard laboratory methods. It was observed that serum level of ALP, ALT, AST and the AST/ ALT ratio as well as prothrombin time were significantly increased in patients as compared to their controls. On the other hand level of total proteins and albumin were significantly decreased in patients as compared to their controls whereas the level of bilirubin remains insignificant. In Child class B patients the levels of serum bilirubin, ALP, ALT, AST and ratio AST/ALT were increased as compared to these parameters in Child class A patients. It was observed that level of serum ALP and ALT were non significantly and level of serum bilirubin, AST and AST/ALT ratio were significantly increased in Child class B patients as compared to the patients of Child class A. On the other hand level of serum total proteins and albumin were significantly decreased in Child class B patients as compared to patients of Child class A. Prothromin time is significantly increased in Child class B patients as compared to the patients of Child class A. Further deterioration in LFTs may warn a clinician about progress of disease in a patient of CLD and to further investigate about the liver function at that stage
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Chronic Disease , Liver Function Tests , Classification , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Goldston syndrome is a rare entity describing the association of polycystic kidneys and Dandy Walker malformation with or without hepatic fibrosis. A 28 years old pregnant woman came to radiology department for the first antenatal scan. Ultrasound showed a single fetus corresponding to 27 week of gestation. The fetal brain revealed deficient vermis with a posterior fossa cyst communicating with the 4th ventricle suggestive of Dandy-Walker malformation [DWM]. The kidneys were enlarged, and echogenic containing small cysts with associated amniotic fluid index of 5 cm suggestive of Oligohydramnios. A diagnosis of Goldston syndrome was suggested. These findings were confirmed on post natal head and renal ultrasound
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pancreatic Cyst , Abnormalities, Multiple , Pregnancy Outcome , Ultrasonography, PrenatalABSTRACT
Serum Caffeine clearance determination is a useful method to evaluate the severity of liver disease and predict short-term survival of cirrhotic patients. Caffeine concentrations correlated well with the score indicating the sufficiency of the organ according to Child- Turcotte classification score. It offers another choice for the quantitative measurement of liver functional reservoir. Study is designed to find out the relationship of Caffeine elimination and child's classification in groups of patients with liver cirrhosis. Cross sectional Study. The study was conducted at the Medical Ward of Services Hospital Lahore from July 2004 to December 2004. Forty patients with liver cirrhosis with age range 40-55 years and 20 aged matched normal healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Patients were taken from the medical ward of Services Hospital Lahore. After an overnight fast, the first blood sample was collected at 8 a.m., immediately followed by an oral administration of 200 mg Caffeine. Subsequent samples of venous blood were obtained at 8.30 a.m., 9 a.m., 11 a.m., 2 p.m. and 5 p.m. The Caffeine clearance was determined by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography using a Phenomenex Gemini C18 column using a wavelength of 273 nm. [Jaundice presented with highest frequency distribution and percentages. This was followed with ascities, edema. Family history of hepatitis/jaundice and anemia. Ultrasonographic findings showed that in 50% of the patients. Other 50% of patients have normal and shrunken liver]. Caffeine concentration in child class A was significantly decreased at base line [P<0.001], 3 hours [P<0.05], 6 hour [P<0.001] and 9 hour [P<0.001] as compared to the controls. In child class B the Caffeine concentration was significantly to the controls. On the other hand in child class C the Caffeine concentration was remaining same as in their controls. Caffeine clearance could provide a practical assessment of hepatic function in cirrhotic patients. Our data emphasize the value of the child-Turcotte or child-Pugh classification in assessing the severity of liver cirrhosis in a simple and less time-consuming way than using quantitative liver function tests
Subject(s)
Humans , Caffeine/blood , Liver Cirrhosis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Liver Function TestsABSTRACT
Study tried to find out factors that associated with the weight gain or increased BMI in middle aged women and lipid profile that may become a cause of different disease in women in middle/later ages. Study tried to find out factors that associated with the weight gain in middle aged women and lipid profile that may become a cause of different disease in women in middle and also in later ages. Cross sectional Study. This study was conducted at the department of Biochemistry, Fatima Jinnah Medical College, Lahore from August 2010 to October 2010. 50 females with age range 40-50 years were included in the study. The proforma of questionnaire recorded the age, socioeconomic status, BMI, blood pressure, dietary pattern, Physical activity and family history of female subjects. Lipid profile included total lipid, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-chil and LDL-chol were also estimated. It was observed that mean age at which females gained the weight is 45.23 years. Most females belong to class B and Class C. Females were over weight when compared with the standard criteria of weight to height ratio. No change in blood pressure was seen. A positive family history of obesity was also seen in many females. It was observed that the level of total lipids, cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-cholesterol was significantly increased in female subjects as compared to normal subjects. In view of this study, it is suggested that a diet is not simply a list of permitted food but it may include the total count of calorie a person consume in the form of food in addition to cut down some percent of sugar, salt and oil. A regular exercise may help to maintain the circulation of blood and maintain the level of lipid profile
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Body Mass Index , Weight Gain , Risk Factors , Body Weight , Cross-Sectional Studies , Surveys and Questionnaires , Cholesterol , Cholesterol, HDL , Cholesterol, LDL , Triglycerides , Motor ActivityABSTRACT
To determine the myths and misconceptions about [Tremors] among those who developed this disorder and their health seeking behavior, and also among those who never had tremors, at the psycho-neurology and medical OPD of Sindh Govt. Hospital, Liaqatabad no. 10, Karachi. A single centre based cross-sectional survey, conducted from year 2002 to 2009 at Sindh Govt. Hospital [SGH] Liaqatabad no.10, Karachi. 403 adult patients of either sex with tremors were selected from medical and psycho-neurology OPD's. For comparison 100 healthy individuals from general population, who never had tremors, of the same area were also included. Questionnaires regarding different myths and misconceptions about tremors were filled by the patients/normal healthy people after obtaining the consent. Out of 403 selected patients [61.53% males and 38.47% females] majority belonged to the urban areas. Out of hundred normal healthy people 73 [73%] were males and 27 [27%] were females. Only 8% of the patients considered tremor was a neurological illness, while 33% of the patients and 41% of the general population related it to magic or witchcraft. Overall, females were more inclined to choose alternative medicine and spiritual therapy than males. Myths and Misconceptions about tremors are present in our society because of strong belief and observations. Provision of primary education, health education and using electronic media can play a key role in abolishing these misconceptions